笛卡尔(Descartes)

　　参考事迹：法国著名哲学家，数学家，物理学家，同时对气象，生物等学科都做出了许多研究，解析几何的创立者。提出了"普遍怀疑" 原则，认为要清除由传统得来的偏见，其办法就是怀疑。他说："要追求真理，我们必须在一生中尽可能地把所有事物都来怀疑一次."

　　他认为怀疑本身就是一种思想活动，提出了"我思故我在"( I think, therefore I am ) 的著名公式。不过笛卡尔的怀疑是清除不确定东西的一种手段，和以怀疑为目的，根本不判断的怀疑是不同的。

　　利用点：我思故我在(怀疑论精髓内容)，挑战权威等。"Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively." "The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority." "To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."